Hollow fiber membranes are becoming popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their high efficiency and versatility. These membrane structures consist of microscopic fibers arranged in a bundle, providing a large surface area for separation processes. The capillary nature of hollow fibers allows for efficient removal of impurities from

PVDF membrane bioreactors have become a significant technology for wastewater purification. These units offer several benefits, including robust removal rates of chemical pollutants, less sludge generation, and enhanced water quality. Furthermore, PVDF membranes are known for their stability, making them suitable for long-term deployment. To assess